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Material profile  ·  Bio-based  ·  Construction & Interior Design

Linoleum Flooring: Composition, Standards and Carbon Data

What sustainable linoleum is made of, which standards define it, and what the verified data says about fire, emissions, carbon and care.

ArchitectsInterior designers

By Pilar Flores· Published October 8, 2026· Updated October 8, 2026· 9 min read

Linoleum flooring properties at a glance

Every figure is cited. Where we found no data, the field says so.
Family
Bio-based resilient floor covering with a linseed-oil binder
Origin
Forbo's EPD lists linseed oil (25 %, Europe), gum rosin (5 %, Indonesia), wood flour (23 %, Germany), calcium carbonate (21 %, Germany), recycled linoleum (14 %) and jute backing (8 %, India and Bangladesh).[1] Tarkett's EPD gives its linseed oil as 21–32 % of mass, from Canada.[6]
Production
Linseed oil and rosin oxidise into a sticky binder. It is aged, mixed with wood flour, calcium carbonate, pigments and recycled linoleum, calendered onto jute and cured in drying rooms for about 14 days. A factory lacquer finishes the surface.[1]
Forms
Sheet, 2.0, 2.5 or 3.2 mm thick, 2 m wide, about 33 m long[1] · tiles of 250 × 250, 500 × 250, 500 × 500 or 1000 × 250 mm (Forbo Modular, 2.5 mm)[7] · acoustic grades of 3.8 to 4.6 mm with polyurethane foam or cork backing (Tarkett)[6]
Thermal conductivity (λ)
Forbo's datasheet gives 0.17 W/(m·K), citing EN 12524. That standard is titled "Tabulated design values" (title per BSI Knowledge), so we read 0.17 as a design value, not a test result.[3] Tarkett states a thermal resistance of about 0.015 m²·K/W for 2.5 mm.[6]
Density
Forbo states 2,300, 2,900 and 3,900 g/m² for 2.0, 2.5 and 3.2 mm.[1] For 2.5 mm that works out to roughly 1,160 kg/m³ (our arithmetic: 2.9 kg/m² ÷ 0.0025 m, using nominal weight and thickness).
Reaction to fire
Marmoleum 2.0 mm: Cfl-s1 under EN 13501-1.[3] Tarkett range: Cfl-s1.[6] DLW Marmorette Bfl-s1, 2.5 mm: Bfl-s1, also in Gerflor's declaration of performance; the technical sheet adds that the class applies when glued as in the test certificate.[4]
Embodied carbon (A1–A3)
Forbo Marmoleum sheet 2.5 mm, per m² of installed floor, module A1–A3 only: fossil GWP 2.83 kg CO₂e, biogenic −4.40, total −1.57. Verified externally, commissioned by the manufacturer. Forbo's 2025 passport lists −0.67 for the same thickness under a different EPD reference.[1] Tarkett's lapsed 2020 EPD gave −0.585 for 2.5 mm under an older method.[6] A newer Tarkett Linoleum EPD is listed on UL SPOT; we have not read it, so no figure from it is used.[25]
Emissions
Forbo declares TVOC below 0.05 mg/m³ after 28 days (EN 16516).[3] Indoor Air Comfort Gold certificate to 27 November 2029, issued by Eurofins.[8]
Moisture behaviour
We found no sorption or dimensional-change data. Forbo advises no wet cleaning for 3 days after installation,[5] and the NIST model notes that seams are usually welded to seal against moisture.[9]
Certifications seen
Forbo EPD 4792152997.101.1 (UL SPOT listing for the sheet EPD, valid to 23 March 2031, seen 8 October 2026)[1] · Blue Angel DE-UZ 120 licence 43298 (Forbo; product group also on the Blue Angel registry)[10][26] · Nordic Swan licence 3029 0003 (Forbo; Marmoleum products listed on the Svanemerket registry)[11][28] · Indoor Air Comfort Gold IACG-21-09-10-2024 (Forbo)[8] · Tarkett EPD 4789356590.101.1 (lapsed; newer EPD listed on UL SPOT, not read)[6][25] · FloorScore SCS-FS-02749 (Tarkett, valid 1 October 2026 to 30 June 2027)[12] · Blue Angel listing and FloorScore SCS-FS-05289 (Gerflor, DLW)[26][27] · see the supplier table.

Linoleum flooring covers floors in schools, hospitals, offices and homes. Architects and designers look at it as a bio-based alternative to vinyl. The questions that matter are what it contains, which standard defines it, how the carbon figures are built, and how to look after it.

Most performance data comes from the manufacturers. We mark it as such and use independent sources where they exist.

What is linoleum flooring?

What is in it?

Linoleum is a floor covering made mainly from linseed oil, other vegetable oils, wood flour and limestone on a carrier of jute.[13] Recipes differ by maker. In Forbo's EPD, linseed oil is 25 % of mass and wood flour 23 %. The NIST model of a generic European product uses 23.3 % linseed oil and 30.5 % wood flour and adds cork flour and titanium dioxide.[1][9] Tarkett and DLW also list cork.[6][14] The surface is usually sealed with a factory lacquer, which Forbo describes as based on acrylate-functional polymers and partly waterborne.[1]

How is it made?

The binder forms when linseed oil and rosin oxidise in air. Forbo describes a tough, sticky material that ages for a few days before mixing. The mix is pressed onto jute and cures in drying rooms for about 14 days.[1] Tarkett calls the oxidised binder "linoleum cement."[6] Forbo states that offcuts and rejected product go back into production, and that its plant uses no process water.[1]

Which standards apply to linoleum flooring?

EN ISO 24011 specifies plain and decorative linoleum supplied as tiles or rolls. The 2012 edition is listed as current, and its scope says that PVC and rubber floorings sold as "linoleum" are not covered.[2] BSI lists the earlier EN 548:2011 as withdrawn on 31 March 2012. That standard referred to EN 685 for classification.[15] We did not read the clauses and quote no limit values.

The product documents we read give use classes by thickness. Forbo's 2.0 mm sheet is class 23 domestic, 32 commercial and 41 light industrial. The 2.5 and 3.2 mm sheets are 23, 34 and 43.[1] Tarkett lists the same classes for 2.0 and 2.5 mm.[6] Both manufacturers say their products meet EN 14041, and Forbo's datasheet cites a declaration of performance code.[3][6]

How does linoleum flooring perform?

Hardness and indentation

Forbo's datasheet for 2.0 mm sheet gives residual indentation of at most 0.15 mm, typically about 0.07 mm, and lists the floor as suitable for office chairs with castors.[3]

Slip resistance

The same datasheet lists R9 under DIN 51130 and a friction coefficient of at least 0.30 under EN 13893.[3] Tarkett also states 0.30 or more.[6] DLW lists R9 for its Marmorette Bfl-s1 and marks some colours R10 in its brochure.[4][14]

Fire

Declared classes differ by product. Forbo's 2.0 mm sheet is Cfl-s1.[3] DLW's product page for Marmorette Bfl-s1 in 2.5 mm lists Bfl-s1, Gerflor's declaration of performance for Marmorette Bfl gives Bfl s1, and the technical sheet notes the class applies when glued as in the test certificate.[4] Tarkett's EPD gives Cfl-s1 for its range and names three variants "Bfl," without stating their class.[6] Check the declaration of performance for the exact product and thickness.

Thermal and acoustic

At 2 to 3 mm, linoleum adds little insulation. Forbo gives λ 0.17 W/(m·K), citing EN 12524,[3] and Tarkett gives about 0.015 m²·K/W for 2.5 mm,[6] which matches 0.0025 m ÷ 0.17 ≈ 0.0147 m²·K/W (our arithmetic). Forbo states impact sound reduction of at most 4 dB for 2.0 mm, and DLW states 5 dB for its 2.5 mm Marmorette Bfl-s1.[3][4]

How sustainable is linoleum flooring?

What does the EPD say?

Forbo's March 2026 EPD covers 1 m² of installed sheet in three thicknesses (EN 15804+A2, UL Solutions programme, valid five years; the EPD ticks external verification and names the declaration verifier as Cooper McCollum, UL Solutions). A1–A3 totals −1.27, −1.57 and −2.02 kg CO₂e per m² of installed floor for 2.0, 2.5 and 3.2 mm.[1] For 2.5 mm, fossil emissions are 2.83 kg and biogenic uptake is −4.40 kg.[1] The EPD counts no CO₂ certificates or offsets.[1]

Read the negative number with its limits. The EPD returns the stored carbon at end of life: for 2.5 mm, biogenic GWP in module C3 (100 % incineration scenario) is 4.29 kg CO₂e, and the total GWP of that module is 4.44 kg CO₂e.[1] The EPD also says circularity "has not yet been achieved on a large scale for floor coverings."[1] The use stage covers one year of cleaning, so a real service life changes the total.[1]

Forbo's July 2025 passport lists −0.67 kg CO₂e/m² for 2.5 mm as cradle-to-gate (A1–A3) and cites a different EPD reference, 47908599342.101.2. Neither document explains the gap to −1.57, so we do not reconcile them and use the 2026 EPD.[16] Tarkett's 2020 EPD used the older CML method and 2018 data, and gave −0.585 kg for 2.5 mm but +0.302 kg for 2.0 mm.[6] That EPD has lapsed; UL SPOT now lists a newer Tarkett Linoleum EPD that we have not read, so check its figures before comparing.[25] Forbo's EPD warns that EPDs are not comparative assertions,[1] so we do not rank makers.

Forbo and Gerflor describe their linoleum as CO₂-neutral or climate positive from cradle to gate.[3][16][14] Those are manufacturer claims. They are cradle-to-gate (A1–A3) statements, not full life cycle ones.

What does independent research add?

A 1995 peer-reviewed LCA of four domestic floor coverings found linoleum the most environmentally favourable, and could not separate the other three.[17] It is 30 years old. A CML study published in 2002 and commissioned by Forbo found that maintenance type and pigments can strongly influence the result and that gaps in data on capital goods and unknown chemicals could understate impacts.[13] The NIST BEES model assumes a 30-year life and landfill disposal, and puts electricity at 2 MJ/kg and natural gas at 10 MJ/kg of product.[9] Forbo's EPD says raw materials drive most impact categories and that gas use is the second hotspot.[1]

What about emissions and indoor air?

Forbo's datasheet gives TVOC below 0.05 mg/m³ at 28 days under EN 16516.[3] The Eurofins Indoor Air Comfort Gold certificate covers Forbo's linoleum group, with factory inspection and regular VOC testing, to November 2029.[8] The Blue Angel licence for Forbo sheet, Sport, Decibel and Acoustic is dated October 2025, and the same product group appears on the Blue Angel registry,[10][26] and Forbo holds a Nordic Swan licence valid to the end of 2028.[11] DLW claims TVOC under 10 µg/m³,[14] and Tarkett's FloorScore certificate reports TVOC at or below 0.5 mg/m³.[12] These are different tests and limits, so the numbers do not compare directly.

New linoleum has a smell. A 1995 study of 13 samples found that 2-alkenals and fatty acids were the most important classes of odour compounds.[18]

Can linoleum flooring be recycled?

Makers run their own schemes. Forbo's Back to the Floor programme takes installation and end-of-life flooring, and its passport claims 191 tonnes collected in 2024.[1][16] Tarkett's EPD names a ReStart programme, yet states that linoleum is not reused or recycled after removal in its model.[6] Gerflor says free collection of installation waste is available in 13 countries.[14] These are claims. We found no independent figures on recycling rates.

How do you clean linoleum flooring, and what damages it?

How does linoleum differ from vinyl?

The standard defines the term. EN ISO 24011 covers linoleum only, and its scope says PVC- and rubber-based products wrongly called linoleum are not included.[2] Forbo states that Marmoleum is free of PVC, PET, synthetic rubber and plasticisers.[3] The 1995 Delft LCA compared linoleum with cushion vinyl and carpets and reported linoleum as the most favourable.[17] We found no newer like-for-like comparison on the same EPD basis.

Where is linoleum flooring used?

Healthcare, education and public buildings

Best for: architects · interior designers

Tarkett's EPD names schools, hospitals, public offices and shops as target uses.[6] Armitage Associates chose linoleum for a Glasgow hospital tower, citing its colour range, its status as a "green" material and its natural biocidal properties.[20] Those are the architects' reasons as reported by a trade publication. We found no independent hygiene study.

Product and industrial designers

Best for: product designers

Forbo lists Furniture Linoleum and Bulletin Board lines with technical specifications.[21] We did not read those documents, so this page gives no data for product design.

Where has linoleum flooring been used?

CCG Library, Asia Art Archive, Hong Kong: LAAB Architects, 2022

The client's press release says the renovated library, reopened in late 2022, uses cork flooring and linoleum "made from 97% natural raw materials along with 40% of recycled content."[22] The release does not name the linoleum brand.

University Tower, Glasgow Royal Infirmary: Armitage Associates

A £16 million refurbishment of a five-storey 1970s building. Gerflor supplied 4,000 m² of DLW Marmorette, laid in alternating light and dark grey stripes, with bright colours at the lift lobbies for wayfinding. The report appeared in July 2014 and gives no completion year.[20]

Tallinn Art Gymnasium, Estonia: Skolimowski design, 2017

A competition for a 140 m² school corridor, to be built in linoleum only. Tarkett reports that three of 16 submitted projects were named winners and that Jan and Birgit Skolimowski's project was installed in the corridor. The page does not name the product line.[23] This is a manufacturer case study.

Who makes linoleum flooring?

Manufacturers selected by our editors and checked against their own technical documents.

ManufacturerProductsCountryCertifications
Forbo Flooring Systems Marmoleum sheet (2.0, 2.5, 3.2 mm), Modular tiles, Decibel, Sport and other lines[1][7][21] Netherlands (Assendelft), United Kingdom (Kirkcaldy)[1] EPD 4792152997.101.1, read in full; UL SPOT lists a sheet EPD valid to 23 March 2031 (seen 8 October 2026).[1] Blue Angel licence 43298, Nordic Swan 3029 0003 and Indoor Air Comfort Gold IACG-21-09-10-2024, per copies on Forbo's server; the Blue Angel and Svanemerket registries also list the Marmoleum products.[10][11][8][26][28]
Tarkett Tarkett Lino: Veneto xf², Etrusco xf², Narnidur, acoustic and sport grades[6][12] Italy (Narni) EPD 4789356590.101.1, issued 2020 and lapsed; UL SPOT lists a newer Tarkett Linoleum EPD valid to 8 August 2030, not read.[6][25] FloorScore SCS-FS-02749, read on the SCS server, valid 1 October 2026 to 30 June 2027.[12] The Blue Angel registry lists Tarkett Holding GmbH linoleum (xf², Essenza+, Linosport Classic); licence number not shown.[26]
Gerflor (DLW Linoleum) DLW Marmorette, Colorette, Uni Walton and Lino Art[14][24] Germany (DLW brand, “made in Germany since 1882” per its brochure; 2013 approval holder Armstrong DLW GmbH)[14][24] Blue Angel: the registry lists DLW Linoleum 2–4 mm (Gerflor SAS), with Marmorette Bfl-s1 Neocare 2.5 mm in the contract appendix granted 23 June 2026.[26] FloorScore SCS-FS-05289, valid 1 May 2026 to 31 January 2027, lists DLW Marmorette, Colorette, Lino Art, Acoustic and Sport; read on the SCS server.[27] Declaration of performance 029-0006 for Marmorette Bfl gives Bfl s1.[4] Per the company: Cradle to Cradle Silver in its brochure, while the Marmorette Bfl-s1 technical sheet says Bronze.[14][4] We could not open a C2C registry record, found no M1 statement in the Gerflor documents we read, and found no DLW EPD to read.

We list three manufacturers because their documents were available to read. Certificates are marked "per the company" unless we read the document. Forbo's certificates are copies from its own server. On 8 October 2026 we checked the UL SPOT, Blue Angel and Svanemerket registries and the SCS certificate server, but could not open registry records for Eurofins Indoor Air Comfort or Cradle to Cradle. Editorial selection, not paid.

Frequently asked questions about linoleum flooring

What is linoleum flooring made of?

Mainly oxidised linseed oil, rosin, wood flour, limestone and pigments on a jute backing. Recipes differ by maker, and some add cork or recycled linoleum.

Is linoleum the same as vinyl?

No. EN ISO 24011 covers linoleum only, and its scope says PVC- and rubber-based floorings wrongly called linoleum are not included.

Is linoleum flooring sustainable?

Its raw materials are largely plant-based, and Forbo's verified EPD shows a negative A1–A3 carbon figure for sheet. That figure counts stored plant carbon, which the EPD returns at end of life. Recycling schemes exist but are run by the makers, and we found no independent recycling rates.

What fire class does linoleum have?

It depends on the product. Forbo declares Cfl-s1 for its 2.0 mm sheet, and DLW lists Bfl-s1 for a 2.5 mm Marmorette. Check the declaration of performance.

How long does linoleum flooring last?

Forbo's passport states a service life of 25 years or more, which is a manufacturer claim. The NIST model assumes 30 years. The EPD itself sets a reference service life of one year.

Can linoleum get wet or be cleaned with strong detergents?

Use a neutral cleaner. Forbo's datasheet says Marmoleum is not resistant to prolonged exposure to alkalis, and Forbo advises no wet cleaning for 3 days after installation.

The bottom line on linoleum flooring

Linoleum flooring is a well-documented bio-based floor covering with a clear product standard. Ask for the declared use class, fire class and EPD of the exact product, and check that the EPD is still valid. Treat negative carbon figures as stored plant carbon, not a permanent credit, and treat take-back schemes as manufacturer claims.

Related materials

CorkBio-based BambooBio-based Reclaimed woodBio-based LinenBio-based

Sources

  1. Forbo Flooring B.V., Environmental Product Declaration "Marmoleum sheet 2.0/2.5/3.2 mm," declaration number 4792152997.101.1, issued 23 March 2026, valid five years; per ISO 14025, EN 15804+A2 and EN 16810; LCA in GaBi 10 with 2025 plant data; declaration verified externally (external box ticked) by Cooper McCollum (UL Solutions, as named in the EPD), LCA verified by Thomas P. Gloria (Industrial Ecology Consultants). Used for composition and origin, process description, use classes, A1–A3 and end-of-life GWP, biogenic carbon content, installation waste and cleaning scenario. Manufacturer-commissioned, externally verified; full text read as the PDF on Forbo's download server. The UL SPOT registry (spot.ul.com) lists "Marmoleum sheet 2.0 & 2.5 & 3.2 mm" (Forbo Flooring Systems B.V.) as a product-specific EPD, UL document no. 364416-4150, valid until 23 March 2031 (read 8 October 2026); that listing does not show the declaration number. PDF
  2. DIN Media, "DIN EN ISO 24011:2012-04, Resilient floor coverings: Specification for plain and decorative linoleum (ISO 24011:2009)," catalogue page. Used for title, edition date, status and scope. Standards catalogue page only; the standard text was not read, so no clause or limit value is quoted. din.de
  3. Forbo Flooring Systems, "Technical specifications: Marmoleum 2.0 mm," July 2023. Used for thickness, weight, residual indentation, slip resistance (DIN 51130 and EN 13893), reaction to fire (EN 13501-1), thermal conductivity per EN 12524, TVOC, chemical resistance and the manufacturer's statements on bacteriostatic properties and CO₂-neutral production. Manufacturer datasheet; the test reports behind it were not read. PDF
  4. Gerflor Germany, product page "DLW Marmorette Bfl-s1 0045 Sand Beige" (2.5 mm). Used for fire class (Bfl-s1, EN 13501-1), use classes 23/34/43, slip resistance R9, impact sound 5 dB, recycled and bio-based content, TVOC claim and the list of product documents. Manufacturer product page read in the Browser pane on 8 October 2026. Also read from that page: the technical data sheet (1/2025: Bfl-s1 glued as per certificate; Cradle to Cradle Bronze; <10 µg/m³ TVOC) PDF and the declaration of performance no. 029-0006 (3) for Marmorette Bfl (Bfl s1; notified body 1658 TFI) PDF. gerflor.de
  5. Forbo Flooring Systems, "Floor Care: Marmoleum" cleaning and maintenance advice, April 2022. Used for waiting time before wet cleaning, neutral cleaners, high-pH products, stain removal and pad advice. Manufacturer instructions. PDF
  6. Tarkett S.p.A., Environmental Product Declaration "Linoleum Flooring," UL Environment programme, declaration number 4789356590.101.1, issued 1 October 2020, valid five years (so lapsed in October 2025; a newer EPD is listed on UL SPOT, source 25), per EN 16810 and ISO 14025; CML April 2013 method, GaBi 9.2, 2018 data; cradle-to-grave. Used for composition ranges, use classes, fire and slip data, A1–A3 GWP for 2.0 and 2.5 mm and end-of-life assumptions. Manufacturer-commissioned; the page we read does not show which verification box (internal or external) is ticked. Read as a copy hosted by a New Zealand distributor. PDF
  7. Forbo Flooring B.V., Environmental Product Declaration "Marmoleum Modular tile 2.5 mm," declaration number 4790690881.102.2 (file name gives expiry 1 June 2028). Used only for tile sizes and weight. Manufacturer-commissioned; only the product-definition pages were used. PDF
  8. Eurofins Product Testing A/S, Indoor Air Comfort Gold certificate IACG-21-09-10-2024 for the Forbo Flooring GmbH linoleum product group, issued 27 November 2024, valid to 27 November 2029, specification version 9.0 (2023), VOC testing per EN 16516. Independent certifier; read as a copy on Forbo's download server, not on the Eurofins registry. PDF
  9. NIST, Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES), "Generic Linoleum Flooring" product description (2.5 mm sheet made in Europe, jute backing, acrylic finish). Used for the independent constituent table, 2.9 kg/m², energy inputs per kg and the modelling assumptions (30-year life, landfill at end of life). US government research tool; the document is undated and cites industry data from 2005–2006 and Chalmers 1995. PDF
  10. RAL gGmbH (Blue Angel), certificate (Urkunde) for Forbo Flooring GmbH, Paderborn, trademark licence no. 43298 under DE-UZ 120, edition 2025, for Marmoleum sheet (Bahnenware), Sport, Decibel and Acoustic, dated Bonn, 17 October 2025. Independent certifier; read as a German-language copy on Forbo's download server; the Blue Angel registry also lists this product group (source 26). The licence number is not shown on the registry page. We could not open the DE-UZ 120 criteria text. PDF
  11. Ecolabelling Sweden, Nordic Swan Ecolabel licence no. 3029 0003 for Forbo Flooring AB, product group 029 Floor coverings, criteria 7.2, valid to 31 December 2028, dated 28 August 2025. Independent certifier; read as a copy on Forbo's download server (licence also confirmed on the Svanemerket registry, source 28). The one-page certificate does not list products. PDF
  12. SCS Global Services, FloorScore certificate, registration SCS-FS-02749, Tarkett (Solon, Ohio) linoleum range including Veneto xf², Etrusco xf², Linoleum xf²Bfl and Narnidur; certified to SCS-105 v4.2-2023; TVOC at or below 0.5 mg/m³; valid 1 October 2026 to 30 June 2027 (the previous certificate ran 1 October 2025 to 30 June 2026 with a slightly different product list). Independent certifier; read on the SCS server on 8 October 2026. PDF
  13. Gorrée, M., Guinée, J.B., Huppes, G. & van Oers, L. (2002). "Environmental life cycle assessment of linoleum." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 7(3):158–166. Peer-reviewed, Leiden University CML; commissioned by Forbo-Krommenie. Abstract read on SpringerLink; the paywalled full text was not read, so no figures are quoted. doi:10.1007/BF02994050
  14. Gerflor, "DLW Linoleum" brochure (Marmorette, Colorette, Uni Walton, Linodur, Lino Art), undated. Used for the manufacturer's composition shares, TVOC claim, Cradle to Cradle Silver and carbon-neutral claims and the Second Life collection programme. Manufacturer marketing brochure, read as a copy hosted by a distributor; no certificates opened. An earlier DLW brochure we also read gives a different recipe (41 % linseed oil), so recipes vary by edition. PDF
  15. BSI Knowledge, "BS EN 548:2011 Resilient floor coverings. Specification for plain and decorative linoleum" (withdrawn 31 March 2012). Used for the earlier European linoleum standard and its reference to EN 685 for classification. Catalogue page only. knowledge.bsigroup.com
  16. Forbo Flooring Systems, "Environmental Transparency Passport: Marmoleum sheet 2.0, 2.5, 3.2 mm," 1 July 2025. Used for natural, bio-based and recycled content shares, the earlier A1–A3 figures, the Back-to-the-Floor tonnage and the 25-year service-life statement. Manufacturer summary document; it cites EPD reference 47908599342.101.2, not the 2026 declaration number on this page. PDF
  17. Potting, J. & Blok, K. (1995). "Life-cycle assessment of four types of floor covering." Journal of Cleaner Production 3(4):201–213. Peer-reviewed; abstract read on the TU Delft research portal and the record confirmed on Crossref. Independent; domestic floor coverings, 1995 data. doi:10.1016/0959-6526(95)00082-8 · TU Delft
  18. Jensen, B., Wolkoff, P. & Wilkins, C.K. (1995). "Characterization of linoleum. Part 2: Preliminary odor evaluation." Indoor Air 5(1):44–49. Peer-reviewed; abstract read via Semantic Scholar and the record confirmed on Crossref. Independent; 13 linoleum samples from the mid-1990s. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.t01-3-00007.x
  19. Forbo Flooring Systems Pty Ltd (Australia), "Technical Bulletin: Drying Room Yellowing." Used for the manufacturer's description of the temporary yellow tint on new linoleum. Manufacturer technical bulletin, read as a copy hosted by a Danish distributor (Reform). PDF
  20. Specifier Review, "DLW Linoleum's Marmorette prescribed for hospital refurbishment" (Glasgow Royal Infirmary University Tower, Armitage Associates, 4,000 m² Marmorette supplied by Gerflor). Trade publication; page metadata shows a first publication date of 10 July 2014; the text appears to derive from supplier material and gives no completion year. specifierreview.com
  21. Forbo Flooring Systems, linoleum downloads page (global English site). Used for the list of Marmoleum product lines (Click, Decibel, FR, Linear, Marbled, Modular, R10, Solid, Soul, Sport, Furniture Linoleum, Bulletin Board) and the list of EPD and certificate documents with expiry dates. Manufacturer page; most listed documents were not opened. forbo.com
  22. Asia Art Archive, press release "Asia Art Archive's Expanded Library Reopens" (CCG Library, Sheung Wan, Hong Kong; designed by LAAB Architects). Used for the linoleum and cork flooring statement. Client's own press page, read in the Browser pane; the release is undated on the page. The reopening date of 26 November 2022 comes from ArtAsiaPacific (22 November 2022), which does not mention the flooring. aaa.org.hk
  23. Tarkett, case study "Tallinn Art Gymnasium" (2017, Tallinn, Estonia). Manufacturer reference page describing a linoleum-only design competition for a 140 m² school corridor and the installation of the winning design by Jan and Birgit Skolimowski. Manufacturer source; no independent coverage read. professionals.tarkett.co.uk
  24. Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik (DIBt), amendment of 23 July 2013 to approval Z-156.604-376 "Linoleum-Bodenbeläge nach DIN EN 14041: DLW Linoleum Beläge 2,0–3,2 mm," holder Armstrong DLW GmbH, Bietigheim-Bissingen. One-page amendment listing product names (including Marmorette, Colorette, Uni Walton). Independent regulator; used only to confirm the DLW product names and the holder at that date. A date of 31 October 2015 appears on the page; the approval itself and its current status were not read. PDF
  25. UL Solutions SPOT registry, product record "Tarkett Linoleum" (Tarkett SPA, made in Narni, Italy): product-specific EPD, UL document no. 415461-4150, valid until 8 August 2030 (read 8 October 2026). NBS Source lists an "EPD - Tarkett Linoleum" certificate last issued 1 August 2025 and valid to 31 July 2030. The EPD text itself was not read, so no figure from it is used and the declaration number is not known to us. spot.ul.com
  26. Blauer Engel (RAL gGmbH) product registry, "Environmentally Friendly resilient Floor Coverings and Skirting" (DE-UZ 120): entries for Forbo Flooring GmbH (Marmoleum Bahnenware, Sportlinoleum, Decibel, Acoustic; Marmoleum Modular), Tarkett Holding GmbH (Linoleum xf², Essenza+, Linosport Classic) and GERFLOR SAS (DLW Linoleum 2–4 mm with surface coating). The DLW contract appendix (version 2, document date 17 July 2026, date granted 23 June 2026) lists Marmorette Bfl-s1 Neocare 2.5 mm. Independent registry; read 8 October 2026; licence numbers are not shown. blauer-engel.de · DLW appendix (PDF)
  27. SCS Global Services, FloorScore certificate, registration SCS-FS-05289, Gerflor (Lyon): DLW Arabesque, Colorette, Flow, Lino Art (and Moon, Urban), Linoleum Acoustic and Acoustic Plus, Landscape, Sport, Marmorette, Marmorette Sport, Urban; SCS-105 v4.2-2023; TVOC at or below 0.5 mg/m³; valid 1 May 2026 to 31 January 2027. Independent certifier; read on the SCS certificate server on 8 October 2026. PDF
  28. Svanemerket (Nordic Swan Ecolabel, Norway) product registry, "Forbo Marmoleum Decibel Graphite, 304835 – 200 cm": type linoleum, licence number 3029 0003, licence holder Forbo Flooring AB, last updated 28 August 2025. Independent registry; read 8 October 2026. svanemerket.no
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